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Rembrandt van Rijn (Leiden 1606-Amsterdam 1669)

An old Woman called 'The Artist's Mother' c.1627-9

Oil on panel | 61.3 x 47.4 cm (support, canvas/panel/stretcher external) | RCIN 405000

Cumberland Art Gallery, Presence Chamber, Hampton Court Palace

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  • The Artist’s Mother by Rembrandt is a study in old age by a young, aspiring painter who rapidly gained a reputation for this kind of work before moving to Amsterdam to develop his career as a portraitist and history painter. Executed towards the end of his time in Leiden (c.1629), this painting already reveals Rembrandt’s mastery of precise detail in the treatment of the folds of skin, the sunken eyes, the taut mouth and the prominent nose. The figure wears an exotic deep purple hood with a fur mantle over a dark dress culminating in an embroidered white chemise. The tone of the painting is sombre, but it is offset by the parchment pallor of the skin, the colour of the chemise and the yellow embroidery of the hood. The treatment of the light falling from the right of the composition directly onto the face is masterly in the way it focuses the viewer’s attention on the features.

    Rembrandt often used his mother, Neeltgen Willensdr, as a model at the outset of his career both in paintings and prints, but not strictly in terms of conventional portraiture. The Artist’s Mother falls into the category of studies of elderly people usually portrayed at bust or half-length and known as 'tronies' (a generic term for ‘face’). Such paintings move beyond the realistic imitation of old age to become exercises in imagination incorporating the use of costume and vivid lighting effects. As such, young artists undertook these paintings in order to establish their reputations and accordingly they were much sought after by collectors. Both Rembrandt’s colleague Lievens and his first pupil Gerrit Dou used the same type of figure in paintings of a similar date.

    The painting was presented to Charles I by Sir Robert Kerr (later 1st Earl of Ancram), together with two other works also then thought to be by Rembrandt. These were the first pictures by the artist to enter a British collection. Apart from The Artist’s Mother, the other paintings were almost certainly Self-portrait (Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool) and Young Scholar by a Fire (now lost) which was probably not by Rembrandt but by his friend and rival, Jan Lievens.

    X-rays show that the image has been painted over an earlier portrait of an old man seen the other way up and possibly intended for a biblical figure. Interestingly, the artist also reused the panel in Liverpool to paint his self- portrait.

    The painting appears in Pyne's illustrated Royal Residences of 1819, hanging in the King's Dressing Room at Windsor Castle (RCIN 922105).

    Catalogue entry adapted from Enchanting the Eye: Dutch paintings of the Golden Age, London, 2004
    Provenance

    Presented to Charles I by Sir Robert Kerr, later Earl of Ancram; recorded in the Long Gallery at Whitehall in 1639 (no 101); sold for £4 to Edward Bass and others on 19 December 1651 from St James's Palace (no 156); recovered at the Restoration and listed in the Passage at Whitehall in 1666 (no 276)

  • Medium and techniques

    Oil on panel

    Measurements

    61.3 x 47.4 cm (support, canvas/panel/stretcher external)

    77.5 x 63.8 x 5.0 cm (frame, external)

  • Alternative title(s)

    Neeltge Willemsdtr van Zuytbroek (d.1640) ?

    Countess of Desmond (17th century), previously entitled