John Dryden (1631-1700) was a poet, literary critic, translator and playwright. He wrote his first poems when working in the civil service under Oliver Cromwell. However, it was after the Restoration that Dryden really established himself as a poet and playwright, with odes addressed to the returned King Charles II. He was appointed the first official Poet Laureate in 1668, serving King Charles II and then King James II. Dryden held the post until after the revolution of 1688, at which point it was taken from him and given to his rival and antagonist Thomas Shadwell. Dryden was also interested in the visual arts, and translated Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy's 'De arte graphica' (The Art of Painting) from French into English in 1695.